Wildlife Management & Conservation: Modern Principles & Practices - Univ. of Delaware | Exams Wildlife Ecology | Docsity (2024)

Download Wildlife Management & Conservation: Modern Principles & Practices - Univ. of Delaware and more Exams Wildlife Ecology in PDF only on Docsity! ENWC 201 Test #1 Reading Questions with answers Wildlife Management and Conservation: Contemporary Principles and Practices University of Delaware Chapter 1(lectures 1,2,3,& 4) What is wildlife? - The more recent definition of wildlife is, “free-living, wild animals (excluding feral or exotic species) of major significance to humans. (can include plants & microorganisms. excludes fish). - Until the 1970’s, wildlife was synonymous with animals that were hunted. What is the difference between active and passive management? - Active mana gement: Actively does something to population such as hunting or translocation to increase/decrease size or altering the habitat to benefit/detriment the population. Other examples include predator control & habitat improvements (to reduce neonatal mortality). - Inactive mana gement: Inactive management instead, aims to minimize external influences on populations and habitat by managing humans rather than animals. (Ex. National parks). - Passive mana gement: The decision to do nothing is still a management decision, known as passive management. All populations are managed in some way. What are the four different goals of wildlife management? 1) Increase populations 2) Decrease populations 3) Harvest for sustained yield (game animals for hunting) 4) Monitor Chapter 11(lecture 5) What is basal metabolic rate (BMR)? - The energy needed to support basal functions such as respiration, blood circulation, & muscle tone when an animals is at complete rest (lying, calm, fasted, and not thermally stressed). What is the importance of protein? - It is a major constituent of the animal body & it helps them grow. They make up plumage, hooves/claws, antibodies for disease resistance, blood clotting factors, & all hormones. Why is water important to wildlife? - It is the most essential nutrient! Wild animals rarely drink free standing water but rather they get their water from their food sources. What are the four main types of cover? 1) Refu ge cover : Vegetation that protects game from hunters/pursuers. 2) Loafin g cover : Provides animals protection and rest from the elements. 3) Thermal/winter cover : Vegetation that protects animals from cold or heat. 4) Escape cover : Includes features that allow prey to outmaneuver predators. Chapter 7 (lecture 6) What are the stochastic factors that affect population dynamics? - Demo graphic stochasticity: This happens in small populations (less that 100) where the estimated chance of survival vs. the actual survival are very different because of statistical chance. In this case it’s due to some disaster that kills all the population in 1 area of land. - Genetic stochasticit y: Inbreeding due to genetic drift, also a consequence of chance variation. What are the deterministic factors that affect population dynamics? - Habitat qualit y - Predation - Disease - Other interspecific interactions (competition amongst other species over finite sources) - Anthropo genic effects (humans effect) What does anthropogenic mean? - Anthropo genic- Originating in human activity. Anthropogenic factors affect wildlife population. What is density dependence? - Densit y dependence is when a population's density increases to a point resulting in higher mortality and decreased birth rates; It is a limiting factor. (ex. Starvation, Disease) What is the difference between positive and negative density dependence? - Positive densit y dependence- Where vital rates (reproduction, survival) & population growth are positively related to density (Allee effect). This is when an increase in population would temporarily increase the chance of survival. - Ne gative densit y dependence- When population growth rate slows and eventually reaches carrying capacity due to density increase. What is a metapopulation? - A metapopulation describes the multiple populations across a landscape. All the different populations have distinctive characteristics and combined they make up the whole. What is the difference between a source and a sink? - Sources and sinks: A metaphor that explains and captures a form of metapopulation dynamics. - The source describes a population that helps increase the overall metapopulation. - The sink describes a population that drains or decreases the metapopulation. What is an ecological trap? - An ecolo gical trap is a phenomenon of the metapopulation dynamic in which a sink habitat is preferred over better ones because formerly reliable cues for habitat selection become mismatched with current fitness consequences in a modified landscape. Chapter 14(lecture 7 & 8) Serial Mono gamy- A type of monogamy in which individuals pair with only a single mate during a breeding season but change mates each season. Lifelong Mono gamy- When individuals pair with a single mate for the season and continue for all the subsequent seasons. Mate defense pol ygamy- The sex that has multiple mates defends against potential competitors. - Pol yandry= Multiple males + 1 female - Pol ygyny= 1 male + multiple females Sexual dimorphism - The differences between the sexes as expressed in one or more traits. Intrasexual competition- Competition between members of the same sex as a result of intersexual selection in which the opposite sex choses the mate with the characteristics that helped them win the competition (ex. Antlers, teeth, claws). Sexual se gregation- Sexes living apart during certain seasons. What are the costs and benefits of defending a territory? - Benefits: increased access to resources (ex. Food, nests, mates, space). - Costs: lost time, lost opportunities elsewhere, energetic costs, & catastrophe risk of territory loss. What are the four stages of migration? 1) Preparation (fuel loading to get ready for the energetic costs of travelling) 2) Movement 3) Stopovers (settle in a particular habitat to rest and feed) 4) Arrival (animals insert themselves into a community of competitors and work to establish themselves in the new habitat) What is the “Landscape of Fear”? - Prey adjust habitat selection and behaviors based on their perceived risk of predation. wildlife Lecture flotes ay Veco 12 Wild Whe = Living things especially ongonvels, AGS & Sopelaes tish “thedae fio J;a | Conservation <"Tire susteined —yeld that Con beachieval ftom forestswild (We, Rother not tal fesouces (Bolen g Probiosen).1» C6kond 0: nchet 5043 Cunsetvalisn is Nelthey Mnegeivetin Mot protec i . Ecaloc - “The IA 0 Lateractloas & een Otmanisms Lt hels Cove fcclon Robinson) & (Etnest Hacclel S55 EColoay= heme shudSor eSponies peeene 2dongored 2 4La Fetnbvilon £ kil! Oy ~ Bil, Ngo oolers to pralte! 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